elementary general education

education

първоначално/средно образование elementary/secondary education

висше образование higher/university/college education

специално образование specialized education

професионално образование vocational training

класическо/юридическо/медицинско/техническо образование classical/legal/medical/technical training

с юридическо образование educated in law

с техническо образование technically trained

с университетско образование university educated

давам образование на give (s.o.) an education, provide an education (for s.o.)

давам добро образование на provide (s.o.) with a good education

давам общо образование give a general education

получавам своето образование receive o.'s schooling

получавам образование no receive o.'s trainin.g in

завършвам висшето си образование complete o.' university studies

* * *

education: secondary образование средно образование; higher образование - висше образование

* * *

1) General subject: elementary vocational education, initial professional education

2) Business: basic vocational education

1 teaching.

2 lesson.

3 education, learning, schoolteaching, schooling.

4 training, instruction.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (educación) education, teaching

2 (doctrina) teaching, doctrine

\

dedicarse a la enseñanza to be a teacher

enseñanza general básica general basic education

enseñanza laboral vocational training

enseñanza primaria primary education

enseñanza privada private education

enseñanza pública state education

enseñanza secundaria secondary education

enseñanza secundaria obligatoria compulsory secondary education

enseñanza superior higher education

enseñanza universitaria university education

* * *

* * *

1) (=educación) education; (=acción, profesión) teaching

2) (=entrenamiento) training

3) (=doctrina) teaching, doctrine

* * *

1)

a) ( docencia) teaching

b) ( educación) education

- enseñanza a distancia

- enseñanza media or secundaria

- enseñanza primaria

- enseñanza superior

- enseñanza universitaria

2) enseñanzas femenino plural ( doctrina) teachings (pl)

* * *

= instruction, teaching, tuition.

Ex. Probably in most libraries instruction in library use and the use of information retrieval tools needs to be available in a number of different modes.

Ex. Teaching is an activity of which teachers are the agents, just as nursing is an activity of which nurses are the agents.

Ex. This article stresses that teaching methods are also to be updated to include, for example, individual tuition and role playing.

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* biblioteca de institución de enseñanza superior = tertiary library.

* centro de enseñanza = education centre.

* enseñanza a distancia = distance learning, distance teaching.

* enseñanza antes de empezar el trabajo = pre-service education.

* enseñanza asistida por ordenador = computer-aided learning (CAL).

* enseñanza asistida por ordenador (CAI) = computer-assisted instruction (CAI).

* enseñanza a través del estudio de casos = case-teaching.

* enseñanza a través de medios electrónicos = online education.

* enseñanza basada en los resultados finales = outcome based education.

* enseñanza bibliotecaria = library education.

* enseñanza de bellas artes = aesthetic education.

* enseñanza de biblioteconomía = library education, library science education, educational librarianship.

* enseñanza de biblioteconomía y documentación = library and information science education.

* enseñanza de las ciencias = science education.

* enseñanza elemental = elementary grade.

* enseñanza en el trabajo = in-service education.

* enseñanza en la búsqueda de información = information instruction.

* enseñanza en línea = online education.

* enseñanza escolar en casa = homeschooling [home schooling].

* enseñanza media = middle grade.

* enseñanza obligatoria = K-12, compulsory education.

* Enseñanza Politécnica a Distancia = Open Polytechnic.

* enseñanza por compañeros = peer instruction.

* enseñanza por medio del ordenador (CBI) = computer-based instruction (CBI).

* enseñanza presencial = contact teaching, contact learning.

* enseñanza preuniversitaria = further education.

* enseñanza primaria = elementary education, grade-school education, primary education.

* enseñanza primaria y secundaria = school education, K-12, classroom education.

* enseñanza profesional = vocational education.

* enseñanza programada = programmed instruction.

* enseñanza pública = public education.

* enseñanza secundaria = secondary education.

* enseñanza superior = higher education, higher learning, tertiary education.

* enseñanza universitaria = college education, university education.

* enseñanza virtual = electronic learning [e-learning].

* escuela de enseñanza primaria = primary school.

* estudiante de enseñanza superior = tertiary student.

* impartir enseñanza = undertake + teaching.

* institución de enseñanza pública = public education institution.

* institución de enseñanza superior = tertiary institution, institution of higher education.

* institución de enseñanza superior no universitaria = college of further education, college of higher education.

* instituto de enseñanza secundaria = secondary school.

* instrumento de ayuda a la enseñanza = teaching aid.

* laboratorio de enseñanza = teaching lab.

* material de enseñanza programada = programmed material.

* método de enseñanza = teaching method.

* metodología de la enseñanza = teaching methodology.

* profesional de la enseñanza = educational professional.

* relativo a la enseñanza superior = tertiary.

* * *

1)

a) ( docencia) teaching

b) ( educación) education

- enseñanza a distancia

- enseñanza media or secundaria

- enseñanza primaria

- enseñanza superior

- enseñanza universitaria

2) enseñanzas femenino plural ( doctrina) teachings (pl)

* * *

* * *

Primaria (↑ primario a1), ESO - Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (↑ ESO a1)

1 (docencia) teaching

no me atrae la enseñanza como carrera teaching doesn't appeal to me as a career

métodos de enseñanza teaching methods

los ordenadores en la enseñanza computers in teaching o education

centro m C. (↑ centro)

2 (educación) education

3 (lección) lesson

que esto te sirva de enseñanza let this be a lesson to you

distance learning, correspondence courses (pl)

high school ( AmE) o ( BrE) secondary education

elementary ( AmE) o ( BrE) primary education

programmed learning

higher education

college ( AmE) o ( BrE) university education

B enseñanzas fpl (doctrina, principios) teachings (pl)

* * *

a) ( docencia) teaching

b) ( educación) education;

◊ enseñanza a distancia distance learning;

* * *

enseñanza nf

1. [educación] education;

la calidad de la enseñanza en este país the quality of education in this country;

se dedica a la enseñanza he works as a teacher;

un centro de enseñanza an educational institution

enseñanza estatal state education;

enseñanza de idiomas language teaching;

enseñanza media secondary education;

enseñanza personalizada personal o individual tutoring;

enseñanza primaria primary education;

enseñanza privada private (sector) education;

enseñanza pública state education;

enseñanza secundaria secondary education;

enseñanza superior higher education;

enseñanza universitaria university education

2. [lección] lesson;

de cualquier error puede extraerse o [m5] sacarse una enseñanza there's a lesson to be learned from every mistake you make;

aquello me sirvió de enseñanza that was a lesson to me;

enseñanzas [de filósofo, profeta] teachings

* * *

1 teaching;

dedicarse a la enseñanza take up teaching, become a teacher

sacar una enseñanza de algo learn a lesson from sth

* * *

enseñanza nf

1) educación: education

2) : teaching

* * *

enseñanza n

1. (actividad) teaching

2. (sistema) education

1) General subject: K-12 education

2) Law: basic education

3) Economy: elementary level of education, first level of education, grade school education, primary education

4) Information technology: elementary education

5) Advertising: first-level education

1) General subject: elementary (primary) school, junior school (для детей 7-11 лет, в Англии и Уэльсе), primary school, provided school

2) American: common school, grade school, the grades

3) British English: infant school

4) Law: basic school

5) Canadian: Elementary (в названиях: the students of Montecito Elementary / Westridge Elementary / Sperling Elementary)

6) Advertising: elementary school

7) Education: first school, initial school (американский термин применительно к отечественной системе образования)

8) Makarov: grades, lower school, the lower school

graduate, postgraduate, post-graduate.

graduate, postgraduate, graduate student, alumnus.

past participle of spanish verb: graduar.

* * *

► participio pasado

1→ link=graduar graduar

► adjetivo

1 graduated

► nombre masculino,nombre femenino

1 EDUCACIÓN graduate

\

gafas graduadas prescription glasses

graduado escolar certificate of elementary school studies

* * *

1. ADJ

1) [escala] graduated

2) (Educ) graduate antes de s

3) [militar] commissioned

SM / F (=estudiante) graduate

SM pl graduado escolar Esp formerly, certificate of success in EGB course

* * *

- da adjetivo

a) <gafas/lentes> prescription (before n)

b) < termómetro> graduated

- da masculino, femenino (Educ) graduate

* * *

= scaled, graduate, graduated, grad (graduate).

Ex. This article reports on the nature of scaled, dichotomous relevance judgements which questioned the use of the mid-point in a scale as the break between relevant and non-relevant documents.

Ex. In general, off-campus graduates were older, less mobile, had more family responsibilities, and used support structures generally available to mature adults.

Ex. The programme involves a graduated series of library assignments, with accompanying worksheets, and helps to reinforce and enhance the quality of student projects.

Ex. The article 'New directions for recent grads' surveys the employment of 1994 graduates of library schools in the USA.

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* gafas graduadas = prescription glasses.

* graduado escolar = grade-school education.

* recién graduado = newly-qualified.

* * *

- da adjetivo

a) <gafas/lentes> prescription (before n)

b) < termómetro> graduated

- da masculino, femenino (Educ) graduate

* * *

* * *

1 ‹gafas/lentes› prescription ( before n)

2 ‹termómetro› graduated

A (estudiante) graduate

graduado masculine (título) (en Esp) tb graduado escolar primary education qualification

* * *

el participio

◊ -da adjetivo

a) ‹gafas/lentes› prescription ( before n)

b) ‹ termómetro› graduated

a) ( regular) to adjust

b) ( marcar) ‹instrumento/termómetro› to calibrate

a) (Educ) to graduate

b) (Mil) to take a commission

* * *

♦ adj

1. [termómetro] graduated;

gafas graduadas prescription glasses;

recipiente graduado [jarra] measuring jug

2. [universitario] graduate

♦ nm,f

♦ nm

* * *

I adj

1 aparato de medida graduated

2 lentes, gafas prescription atr

3 EDU graduate atr

II m, graduada f graduate

* * *

graduado, -da adj

1) : graduated

lentes graduados : prescription lenses

graduado, -da n

: graduate

* * *

graduado n graduate

agreement.

convenio colectivo (industry) collective agreement

convenio salarial wage agreement o settlement

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 agreement, treaty

\

convenio colectivo / convenio laboral collective agreement

* * *

1) agreement, pact

2) covenant

* * *

SM agreement

* * *

masculino agreement

- convenio colectivo or laboral

* * *

= agreement, joint venture, partnership, alliance, partnering, settlement.

Ex. Complete agreement had not been possible, but the numbers of rules where divergent practices were evident is limited.

Ex. The Department of Education and IBM embarked on a joint venture to provide network services to elementary and secondary school districts thoughout the state of Indiana.

Ex. The partnership between the CLT and industry is considered in some detail.

Ex. This type of alliance is already evident in countries like Thailand, where library science students and educators have been actively involved in writing and illustrating children's books.

Ex. These include partnering with: principals, teachers, community members, public librarians and businesses.

Ex. These settlements require the tobacco companies to make annual payments to the states in perpetuity, with total payments estimated at $246.

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* convenio laboral = labour agreement, labour-management agreement.

* * *

masculino agreement

- convenio colectivo or laboral

* * *

* * *

agreement

collective agreement ( on wages and working conditions)

trade agreement

* * *

* * *

convenio nm

agreement

convenio salarial wage agreement o settlement

* * *

m agreement

* * *

convenio nm

pacto: agreement, pact

bred, brought-up, reared.

servant, house-servant, male servant, manservant.

past participle of spanish verb: criar.

* * *

► participio pasado

1→ link=criar criar

► adjetivo

1 (animal) reared, raised; (persona) bred, brought up

► nombre masculino,nombre femenino

1 servant

\

bien criado,-a well-bred

mal criado,-a ill-bred, spoilt

* * *

* * *

ADJ reared, brought up

2. SM / F

1) (=sirviente) (=hombre) servant; (=mujer) servant, maid

2) (Naipes) jack, knave

* * *

- da (m) servant; (f) servant, maid

* * *

= handmaiden, servant, menial worker, menial.

Ex. We need, on behalf of our students, indeed on our own behalf, to be bridges into that future and not handmaidens to the past.

Ex. In 1807 Whitbread's Bill for elementary education was opposed on the grounds that it would spread discontent among the poorer classes and make them poor servants.

Ex. These free Negro women could earn only such wages as were paid to menial workers.

Ex. However numerous the class of menials may be, it has not, as a rule, been able to absorb the whole number of those left propertyless.

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* criado con el pecho = breast-fed.

* criado en la calle = street-smart.

* * *

- da (m) servant; (f) servant, maid

* * *

* * *

( masculine) servant; ( feminine) servant, maid

* * *

el participio

◊ -da sustantivo masculino, femenino (m) servant;

a) (cuidar, educar) to bring up, raise

b) ( amamantar) to breast-feed;

◊ criado con biberón bottle-fed

a) ‹ ganado› to raise, rear;

b) ‹pollos/pavos› to breed

◊ me crie en el campo I grew up in the country;

* * *

criado, -a nm,f

servant, f maid

* * *

I part → criar

II adj raised, brought up;

bien criado well-bred;

mal criado bad-mannered

III m, criada f servant

* * *

criado, -da adj

1) : raised, brought up

bien criado : well-bred

criado, -da n

: servant, maid f

* * *

criado n servant

1 selection, choice, option, pick.

2 screening.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (gen) selection

2 DEPORTE (gen) team; (fútbol) squad

\

selección nacional DEPORTE national team

selección natural natural selection

* * *

* * *

1) (=acción) selection

2) (Dep)

3) pl selecciones (Literat, Mús) selections

* * *

femenino selection

- selección natural

* * *

= recruitment, selection, selectivity, winnowing, screening, recruiting, selective listing, pick, sift, targeting, vetting, draft.

Ex. For 'concept' may be read any relatively elementary term such as Libraries, Staff, Buildings, recruitment, Chemistry.

Ex. Unfortunately documents which present dilemmas in the selection of author headings are present in even the smallest library collections.

Ex. These have the advantages of economy, and (if the subscriber desires) selectivity because the records on the proof sheets are divided into broad categories which can be obtained separately.

Ex. The chairwoman of the board had decided that as part of the screening process those who had successfully survived the initial winnowing should furnish the board with tangible evidence of how they might perform on a specific assignment.

Ex. Proper screening of job applicants can add to the security of the library without adding significantly to the budget.

Ex. Successful recruiting of strong faculty requires some drastic shifts in thinking about what librarianship is as a discipline.

Ex. A selective listing of major business information data bases is provided.

Ex. The October 2002 issue of CONVERGE magazine lists their picks for the 'Shapers of the Future 2002' -- 'today's leaders and innovators who have dreamed and accomplished mighty things in technology and education'.

Ex. The method of work agreed was that the chairperson would make a first sift of proposals and divide them into two groups.

Ex. An analysis of customers in terms of benefits can inform effective segmentation, which in turn can lead to more efficient targeting of resources.

Ex. Criminal record checks have been an accepted form of pre-employment vetting for those with access to children for some years.

Ex. Nevada's all-time leading scorer is leaving school to get a head start on the NBA's 2007 draft.

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* barra en vídeo inverso de selección en pantalla = highlighting bar.

* botón de selección = radio button.

* caer por selección = drop.

* casilla de selección = check box [checkbox].

* comité de selección = screening panel, search and screen committee, search committee.

* criterio de selección = selection criterion.

* herramientas para la selección = selection tools.

* instrumento de selección = selection aid.

* lista de selección = pick-list.

* procedimiento de selección = selection procedures, screening procedure.

* proceso de selección = screening process, selection process.

* realizar una selección = undertake + selection.

* recuadro de selección = check box [checkbox].

* responsable de la selección = selector.

* selección de documentos = document selection, selection of documents.

* selección de fondos = stock selection.

* selección de la pareja = mate selection.

* selección de libros = book selection.

* selección de material = materials selection.

* selección de personal = personnel recruitment.

* selección de productos = merchandise selection.

* selección de términos = extraction of terms, term selection.

* selección de textos = selected writings.

* selección natural = natural selection.

* sistema de selección = vetting system.

* ventana de selección = dialogue box.

* * *

femenino selection

- selección natural

* * *

* * *

(acción) selection; (conjunto de cosas, personas) selection

la selección de los candidatos fue muy difícil selecting o choosing the candidates o the selection of the candidates was very difficult

una empresa de selección de personal an employment o a recruitment agency

una selección representativa de su obra a representative selection o sample of her work

hizo una selección de los mejores she selected the best ones

la selección nacional ( Dep) the national team

hoy juega la selección Spain ( o Colombia etc) are playing today

natural selection

* * *

◊ hizo una selección de los mejores she selected the best ones;

* * *

selección nf

1. [acción] selection;

hizo una selección de los cuadros más interesantes he made a selection of the most interesting paintings;

una prueba de selección de candidatos a candidate selection test;

test de selección múltiple multiple-choice test

selección de personal recruitment

2. [equipo] team;

selección (nacional) national team

* * *

f selection;

selección de residuos waste separation

* * *

selección nf, pl - ciones

1) elección: selection, choice

selección natural : natural selection

* * *

selección n

1. (en general) selection

el proceso de selección the selection process

2. (en deporte) team

SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering

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James Nasmyth was the youngest son of Alexander Nasmyth (1758–1840), the portrait and landscape painter. According to his autobiography he was named James Hall after his father's friend, the geologist Sir James Hall (1761–1832), but he seems never to have used his second name in official documents. He received an elementary education at Edinburgh High School, but left at the age of 12. He attended evening classes at the Edinburgh School of Arts for the instruction of Mechanics between 1821 and 1825, and gained experience as a mechanic at an early age in his father's workshop. He shared these early experiences with his brother George, who was only a year or so older, and in the 1820s the brothers built several model steam engines and a steam-carriage capable of carrying eight passengers on the public roads. In 1829 Nasmyth obtained a position in London as personal assistant to Henry Maudslay, and after Maudslay's death in February 1831 he remained with Maudslay's partner, Joshua Field, for a short time. He then returned to Edinburgh, where he and his brother George started in a small way as general engineers. In 1834 they moved to a small workshop in Manchester, and in 1836, with the aid of financial backing from some Manchester businessmen, they established on a site at Patricroft, a few miles from the city, the works which became known as the Bridgewater Foundry. They were soon joined by a third partner, Holbrook Gaskell (1813–1909), who looked after the administration of the business, the firm then being known as Nasmyths Gaskell \& Co. They specialized in making machine tools, and Nasmyth invented many improvements so that they soon became one of the leading manufacturers in this field. They also made steam locomotives for the rapidly developing railways. James Nasmyth's best-known invention was the steam-hammer, which dates from 1839 but was not patented until 1842. The self-acting control gear was probably the work of Robert Wilson and ensured the commercial success of the invention. George Nasmyth resigned from the partnership in 1843 and in 1850 Gaskell also resigned, after which the firm continued as James Nasmyth \& Co. James Nasmyth himself retired at the end of 1856 and went to live at Penshurst, Kent, in a house which he named "Hammerfield" where he devoted his time mainly to his hobby of astronomy. Robert Wilson returned to become Managing Partner of the firm, which later became Nasmyth, Wilson \& Co. and retained that style until its closure in 1940. Nasmyth's claim to be the sole inventor of the steam-hammer has been disputed, but his patent of 1842 was not challenged and the fourteen-year monopoly ensured the prosperity of the business so that he was able to retire at the age of 48. At his death in 1890 he left an estate valued at £243,805.

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SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Textiles

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Richard Roberts was the son of a shoemaker and tollkeeper and received only an elementary education at the village school. At the age of 10 his interest in mechanics was stimulated when he was allowed by the Curate, the Revd Griffith Howell, to use his lathe and other tools. As a young man Roberts acquired a considerable local reputation for his mechanical skills, but these were exercised only in his spare time. For many years he worked in the local limestone quarries, until at the age of 20 he obtained employment as a pattern-maker in Staffordshire. In the next few years he worked as a mechanic in Liverpool, Manchester and Salford before moving in 1814 to London, where he obtained employment with Henry Maudslay. In 1816 he set up on his own account in Manchester. He soon established a reputation there for gear-cutting and other general engineering work, especially for the textile industry, and by 1821 he was employing about twelve men. He built machine tools mainly for his own use, including, in 1817, one of the first planing machines.

One of his first inventions was a gas meter, but his first patent was obtained in 1822 for improvements in looms. His most important contribution to textile technology was his invention of the self-acting spinning mule, patented in 1825. The normal fourteen-year term of this patent was extended in 1839 by a further seven years. Between 1826 and 1828 Roberts paid several visits to Alsace, France, arranging cottonspinning machinery for a new factory at Mulhouse. By 1826 he had become a partner in the firm of Sharp Brothers, the company then becoming Sharp, Roberts \& Co. The firm continued to build textile machinery, and in the 1830s it built locomotive engines for the newly created railways and made one experimental steam-carriage for use on roads. The partnership was dissolved in 1843, the Sharps establishing a new works to continue locomotive building while Roberts retained the existing factory, known as the Globe Works, where he soon after took as partners R.G.Dobinson and Benjamin Fothergill (1802–79). This partnership was dissolved c. 1851, and Roberts continued in business on his own for a few years before moving to London as a consulting engineer.

During the 1840s and 1850s Roberts produced many new inventions in a variety of fields, including machine tools, clocks and watches, textile machinery, pumps and ships. One of these was a machine controlled by a punched-card system similar to the Jacquard loom for punching rivet holes in plates. This was used in the construction of the Conway and Menai Straits tubular bridges. Roberts was granted twenty-six patents, many of which, before the Patent Law Amendment Act of 1852, covered more than one invention; there were still other inventions he did not patent. He made his contribution to the discussion which led up to the 1852 Act by publishing, in 1830 and 1833, pamphlets suggesting reform of the Patent Law.

In the early 1820s Roberts helped to establish the Manchester Mechanics' Institute, and in 1823 he was elected a member of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. He frequently contributed to their proceedings and in 1861 he was made an Honorary Member. He was elected a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1838. From 1838 to 1843 he served as a councillor of the then-new Municipal Borough of Manchester. In his final years, without the assistance of business partners, Roberts suffered financial difficulties, and at the time of his death a fund for his aid was being raised.

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SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology

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After early education at the Jonkoping elementary school and the Weixo Gymnasium, George Scheutz entered the University of Lund, gaining a degree in law in 1805. Following five years' legal work, he moved to Stockholm in 1811 to work at the Supreme Court and, in 1814, as a military auditor. In 1816, he resigned, bought a printing business and became editor of a succession of industrial and technical journals, during which time he made inventions relating to the press. It was in 1830 that he learned from the Edinburgh Review of Babbage's ideas for a difference engine and started to make one from wood, pasteboard and wire. In 1837 his 15-yearold student son, Edvard Raphael Scheutz, offered to make it in metal, and by 1840 they had a working machine with two five-digit registers, which they increased the following year and then added a printer. Obtaining a government grant in 1851, by 1853 they had a fully working machine, now known as Swedish Difference Engine No. 1, which with an experienced operator could generate 120 lines of tables per hour and was used to calculate the logarithms of the numbers 1 to 10,000 in under eighty hours. This was exhibited in London and then at the Paris Great Exhibition, where it won the Gold Medal. It was subsequently sold to the Dudley Observatory in Albany, New York, for US$5,000 and is now in a Chicago museum.

In England, the British Registrar-General, wishing to produce new tables for insurance companies, and supported by the Astronomer Royal, arranged for government finance for construction of a second machine (Swedish Difference Engine No. 2). Comprising over 1,000 working parts and weighing 1,000 lb (450 kg), this machine was used to calculate over 600 tables. It is now in the Science Museum.

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